Windows 10 Reaches End-of-Life. Which System to Choose in 2025?

The Dawn of a New Computing Era – Navigating the Windows 10 End-of-Life

The 14th of October 2025 Deadline: What This Really Means for Your Device

Windows 10 support will officially end on the 14th of October 2025. This date marks the end of Microsoft’s provision of ongoing maintenance and protection for this operating system. After this critical date, Microsoft will no longer provide:

• Technical support for any issues. This means there will be no official technical help or troubleshooting support from Microsoft.
• Software updates, which include performance enhancements, bug fixes, and compatibility improvements. The system will become static in terms of its core functionality.
• Most importantly, security updates or patches will no longer be issued. This is the most significant consequence for user security.

It’s important to understand that a Windows 10 computer will continue to function after this date. It won’t suddenly stop working or become useless. However, continuing to operate it without security patches carries serious risks.

Microsoft 365 app support on Windows 10 will also end on the 14th of October 2025. While these applications will still work, Microsoft strongly recommends upgrading to Windows 11 to avoid performance and reliability issues over time. It should be noted that Microsoft will continue to provide security updates for Microsoft 365 on Windows 10 for an additional three years, until the 10th of October 2028. Support for non-subscription versions of Office (2016, 2019) will also end on the 14th of October 2025, on all operating systems. Office 2021 and 2024 (including LTSC versions) will still work on Windows 10 but will no longer be officially supported.

The Risks of Staying on an Old System: Why an Unsupported OS is a Liability

Remaining on an unsupported operating system brings with it a number of serious risks that can have far-reaching consequences for security, performance, and compliance.

• Security Risks: The Biggest Concerns: Without regular security updates from Microsoft, Windows 10 systems will become increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Hackers actively seek and exploit newly discovered vulnerabilities in outdated systems that will no longer be patched after support ends. This can lead to a myriad of security issues, including unauthorised access to sensitive data, ransomware attacks, and breaches of confidential financial or customer information.

The risk of an unsupported operating system is not a sudden, immediate failure, but a gradually increasing exposure. This risk will grow over time as security vulnerabilities are found and not patched. This means that every new vulnerability discovered globally that affects Windows 10 will remain an open door for attackers on unsupported systems. The risk profile of an unsupported Windows 10 PC is not static; it is in constant decline as more zero-day vulnerabilities become public knowledge and are integrated into attacker tools. While some users might believe that “common sense,” a firewall, and an antivirus are sufficient for “a few years,” this approach fails to account for the dynamic and escalating nature of cyber threats. Users who choose to remain on Windows 10 without the ESU programme aren’t just risking a single, isolated attack. They are exposing themselves to an ever-growing and increasingly dangerous attack surface. This means that even with cautious user behaviour, the sheer number of unpatched vulnerabilities will eventually make their system an easy target for malicious actors, drastically increasing the probability of a successful attack over time.

• Software Incompatibility and Performance Issues: As the broader tech ecosystem progresses, software developers will inevitably shift their focus to Windows 11 and newer operating systems, leaving Windows 10 behind. This will, over time, cause a number of problems for Windows 10 users:

• Slower Performance: The lack of ongoing updates and optimisations can cause the system to slow down, use resources inefficiently, and experience an overall decrease in performance.
• Application Crashes: Critical business tools or popular consumer applications that rely on modern system architectures or APIs may cease to function correctly, or at all, hindering day-to-day tasks.
• Limited Vendor Support: IT and software vendors are likely to prioritise newer systems like Windows 11, making it difficult and potentially more expensive to find support for Windows 10 issues.
• Hardware Upgrade Pressure: Businesses and individuals may face additional challenges if their systems no longer meet the hardware requirements for newer software, forcing them into costly upgrades or replacements.
• Compliance and Regulatory Risks (Especially for Businesses): For industries subject to specific security and compliance regulations (e.g., healthcare, finance, government), staying on an unsupported operating system can pose significant risks. Many regulatory frameworks explicitly require companies to use supported, up-to-date software to ensure adequate data protection and security measures. Continuing to use Windows 10 past the end-of-life date could put an organisation at risk of failing audits, which could result in hefty fines, penalties, and even loss of certification.

Delaying the transition to a new operating system does not necessarily mean saving money. In fact, doing so can lead to significantly higher costs in the long run. The section explicitly discusses the “costs of waiting,” listing “emergency upgrades,” “potential downtime,” and “unplanned hardware replacements” as financial consequences. This extends beyond the direct costs of the update itself. The core implication is that delaying the transition doesn’t save money; it merely defers costs, often with significant multipliers due to urgency, disruption, and unforeseen consequences. For businesses, the cost extends far beyond direct financial penalties. A security breach or non-compliance due to an unsupported OS can lead to severe reputational damage, loss of customer trust, legal liability, and long-term operational disruptions that are often far more expensive and difficult to recover from than a planned, proactive upgrade. Delaying the transition is a false economy. It is a deferral of inevitable costs, which are likely to be compounded by unexpected crises, legal repercussions, and reputational damage. Proactively planning and investing now can prevent far greater, unquantifiable losses in the future.

Upgrading to Windows 11 – A Smooth Transition

For many users, the most straightforward and recommended path will be to upgrade to Windows 11, Microsoft’s latest operating system. This option provides continuity in a familiar Windows ecosystem while offering expanded features, enhanced security, and long-term support directly from Microsoft.

Is Your PC Ready for Windows 11? Demystifying the System Requirements

To upgrade directly from an existing Windows 10 installation, your device must be running Windows 10, version 2004 or later, and have the 14 September 2021 security update or later installed. These are preconditions for the upgrade process itself.

Minimum Hardware Requirements for Windows 11: Microsoft has established specific hardware baselines to ensure that Windows 11 delivers a consistent and secure experience. Your computer must meet or exceed the following specifications:

• Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with two or more cores on a compatible 64-bit processor or System on a Chip (SoC).
• RAM: 4 gigabytes (GB) or more.
• Storage: A storage device of 64 GB or greater. Note that additional storage may be required over time for updates and specific features.
• System Firmware: UEFI, with Secure Boot capability. This refers to the modern firmware interface that replaces the older BIOS.
• TPM: Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0. This is a cryptographic processor that enhances security.
• Graphics Card: Compatible with DirectX 12 or later with WDDM 2.0 driver.
• Display: A high-definition (720p) display that is greater than 9 inches diagonally, with 8 bits per colour channel.
• Internet Connection and Microsoft Account: Required for Windows 11 Home to complete the initial device setup on first use, and generally essential for updates and certain features.

Key Requirements Nuances (TPM and Secure Boot): These two requirements are often the most common sticking points for users with otherwise capable hardware.

Many PCs shipped within the last 5 years are technically capable of supporting Trusted Platform Module version 2.0 (TPM 2.0), but it may be disabled by default in the UEFI BIOS settings. This is particularly true for retail PC motherboards used by individuals who build their own computers. Secure Boot is an important security feature designed to prevent malicious software from loading during the computer’s startup. Most modern computers are Secure Boot capable, but similar to TPM, there may be settings that make the PC appear not to be Secure Boot capable. These settings can often be changed within the computer’s firmware (BIOS).

The initial “incompatible” message from Microsoft’s PC Health Check app can be misleading for many users, potentially leading them to believe they need to buy a new computer when their existing one is fully capable. The sections repeatedly highlight that TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot are often enable-able features on existing hardware but are turned off by default. It states: “Most PCs shipped within the last 5 years are capable of supporting Trusted Platform Module version 2.0 (TPM 2.0).” And “In some cases, PCs capable of TPM 2.0 are not configured to do so.” Similarly, it notes, “Most modern computers are Secure Boot capable, but in some cases, there may be settings that make the PC appear not to be Secure Boot capable.” Educating users on how to check and enable these critical BIOS/UEFI settings is extremely important for a smooth, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly transition to Windows 11, preventing unnecessary hardware waste.

Unlocking Windows 11: A Guide to Checking and Enabling Compatibility

Microsoft provides the PC Health Check app to assess your device’s readiness for Windows 11. This application will indicate if your system meets the minimum requirements.

How to Check Your TPM 2.0 Status:

• Press the Windows key + R to open the Run dialogue box, then type “tpm.msc” (without quotes) and select OK.
• If a message appears saying “Compatible TPM not found,” your PC may have the TPM disabled. You’ll need to enable it in the BIOS.
• If a TPM is ready for use, check “Specification Version” under the “TPM Manufacturer Information” section to see if it’s version 2.0. If it is lower than 2.0, the device does not meet the Windows 11 requirements.

How to Enable TPM and Secure Boot: These settings are managed via the UEFI BIOS (the computer’s firmware). The exact steps and labels vary depending on the device manufacturer, but the general method of access is as follows:

• Go to Settings > Update & Security > Recovery and select Restart now under the “Advanced startup” section.
• On the next screen, choose Troubleshoot > Advanced options > UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart to apply changes.
• In the UEFI BIOS, these settings are sometimes located in a submenu called “Advanced,” “Security,” or “Trusted Computing.”
• The option to enable TPM may be labelled as “Security Device,” “Security Device Support,” “TPM State,” “AMD fTPM switch,” “AMD PSP fTPM,” “Intel PTT,” or “Intel Platform Trust Technology.”
• To enable Secure Boot, you will typically need to switch your computer’s boot mode from “Legacy” BIOS (also known as “CSM” mode) to “UEFI/BIOS” (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface).

Beyond the Basics: Key Windows 11 Features and Benefits for Different Users

Windows 11 is not just a security update; it introduces a range of new features and enhancements designed to boost productivity, improve the gaming experience, and provide a better overall user experience.

• Productivity and UI Enhancements:

• Redesigned Shell: Windows 11 features a fresh, modern visual design influenced by elements of the cancelled Windows 10X project. This includes a centred Start menu, a separate “Widgets” panel replacing the old Live Tiles, and new window management features.
• Snap Layouts: This feature allows users to easily utilise available desktop space by opening apps in pre-configured layouts that intelligently adjust to the screen size and dimensions, speeding up workflow by an average of 50%.
• Desktops: Users can create separate virtual desktops for different projects or work streams and instantly switch between them from the taskbar, which helps with organisation.
• Microsoft Teams Integration: The Microsoft Teams collaboration platform is deeply integrated into the Windows 11 UI, accessible directly from the taskbar. This simplifies communication compared to Windows 10, where setup was more difficult. Skype is no longer included by default.
• Live Captions: A system-wide feature that allows users to enable real-time live captions for videos and online meetings.
• Improved Microsoft Store: The Microsoft Store has been redesigned, allowing developers to distribute Win32 applications, Progressive Web Applications (PWAs), and other packaging technologies. Microsoft also plans to allow third-party app stores (such as the Epic Games Store) to distribute their clients.
• Android App Integration: A brand-new feature for Windows, enabling native integration of Android apps into the taskbar and UI via the new Microsoft Store. Users can access around 500,000 apps from the Amazon Appstore, including popular titles such as Disney Plus, TikTok, and Netflix.
• Seamless Redocking: When docking or undocking from an external display, Windows 11 remembers how apps were arranged, providing a smooth transition back to your preferred layout.
• Voice Typing/Voice Access: While voice typing is available on both systems, Windows 11 introduces comprehensive Voice Access for system navigation.
• Digital Pen Experience: Offers an enhanced writing experience for users with digital pens.
• Gaming Enhancements: Windows 11 includes gaming technologies from the Xbox Series X and Series S consoles, aiming to set a new standard in PC gaming.

• DirectStorage: A unique feature that significantly reduces game loading times by allowing game data to be streamed directly from an NVMe SSD to the graphics card, bypassing CPU bottlenecks. This allows for faster gameplay and more detailed, expansive game worlds. It should be noted that Microsoft has confirmed DirectStorage will also be available for Windows 10, but NVMe SSDs are key to its benefits.
• Auto HDR: Automatically adds High Dynamic Range (HDR) enhancements to games built on DirectX 11 or later, improving contrast and colour accuracy for a more immersive visual experience on HDR monitors.
• Xbox Game Pass Integration: The Xbox app is deeply integrated into Windows 11, providing easy access to the extensive game library for Game Pass subscribers.
• Game Mode: The updated Game Mode in Windows 11 optimises performance by concentrating system resources on the game, reducing the utilisation of background applications to free up CPU for better performance.
• DirectX 12 Ultimate: Provides a visual uplift for games with features like ray tracing for realistic lighting, variable-rate shading for better performance, and mesh shaders for more complex scenes.
• Security and Performance Improvements:

• Enhanced Security: Windows 11 features enhanced security protocols, including more secure and reliable connection methods, advanced network security (encryption, firewall protection), and built-in Virtual Private Network (VPN) protocols. It supports Wi-Fi 6, WPA3, encrypted DNS, and advanced Bluetooth connections.
• TPM 2.0: Windows 11 includes enhanced security by leveraging the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0, an important building block for security-related features such as Windows Hello and BitLocker.
• Windows Hello: Provides a secure and convenient sign-in, replacing passwords with stronger authentication methods based on a PIN or biometrics (face or fingerprint recognition).
• Smart App Control: This feature provides an extra layer of security, only allowing reputable applications to be installed on the Windows 11 PC.
• Increased Speed and Efficiency: Windows 11 is designed to better process information in the background, leading to a smoother overall user experience. Less powerful devices (with less RAM or limited CPU power) might even feel a noticeable increase in performance.
• Faster Wake-Up: It claims a faster wake-up from sleep mode.
• Smaller Update Sizes:.
• Latest Support: As the newest version, Windows 11 benefits from continuous development, including monthly bug fixes, new storage alerts, and feature improvements like Windows Spotlight. This ensures the device remains fully protected and open to future upgrades.

Windows 11 is presented as more than just an incremental upgrade; it is a platform designed for a “hybrid world” and offers “impressive improvements” that “accelerate device performance.” The integration of Android applications, new widgets, advanced security features, and next-generation gaming technologies like Auto HDR and DirectStorage (even if DirectStorage is coming to Windows 10, the full package is in Windows 11), collectively paint a picture of an operating system that is being actively developed with future computing trends in mind. Its continuous updates and development cement its position as a long-term supported platform within the Microsoft ecosystem. For users who want to leverage the latest technologies, integrate their mobile experiences, benefit from ongoing feature development, or simply ensure their system remains current and secure for the foreseeable future, upgrading to Windows 11 is a clear strategic choice. It represents an investment in future productivity, entertainment, and security, not just a necessary reaction to the Windows 10 end-of-life.

Upgrade Considerations: Performance on Older Hardware, Changes in User Experience

While Windows 11 is optimised for performance and may even speed up less powerful devices, it’s important to manage expectations. An older PC that just meets the minimum requirements may not deliver the same “accelerated user experience” as a brand new device designed for Windows 11.

Users should also be prepared for changes to the user interface and workflow. While many find the new design “simple” and “clean,” critics have pointed to changes like the limitations in customising the taskbar and the difficulty in changing default apps as potential steps backwards from Windows 10. A period of adjustment to the new layout and navigation should be expected.

Table: Windows 11 vs. Windows 10: Key Feature Upgrades

Exploring Alternatives for Incompatible Hardware (and Beyond)

For users whose current hardware doesn’t meet the strict Windows 11 requirements, or for those simply looking for a different computing experience, there are several viable and attractive alternatives. These options can breathe new life into older machines, offer different philosophies on privacy and customisation, or cater to specific professional needs.

The Extended Security Updates (ESU) Programme: A Short-Term Fix

What ESU Offers and Its Critical Limitations: The Windows 10 Extended Security Updates (ESU) programme is designed to provide customers with an option to continue receiving security updates for their Windows 10 PCs after the end-of-support date. Specifically, it delivers “critical and important security updates” as defined by the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) for Windows 10 version 22H2 devices. This programme aims to mitigate the immediate risk of malware and cybersecurity attacks for those not yet ready to upgrade.

• Critical Limitations: It’s important to understand that ESU does not provide full continuation of support for Windows 10. It explicitly excludes:

• New features.
• Non-security, customer-requested updates.
• Design change requests.
• General technical support. Support is only provided for issues directly related to ESU licence activation, installation, and any regressions caused by ESU itself.

Cost and Programme Duration: The ESU programme is a paid service. For individual consumers, Microsoft offers a few sign-up options:

• At no extra cost if you sync your PC’s settings to a Microsoft account.
• Cashing in 1,000 Microsoft Rewards points.
• A one-time purchase of $30 (or local currency equivalent) plus applicable tax.

All of these sign-up options provide extended security updates until the 13th of October 2026. You can sign up for the ESU programme at any time until its official end on the 13th of October 2026. A single ESU licence can be used on up to 10 devices.

The ESU programme is presented as an “option to extend usage” or “extra time before transitioning to Windows 11.” It explicitly states that ESU only delivers security updates and offers no new features, non-security updates, or general technical support. This means that while the immediate security risk is mitigated, the underlying issues with software incompatibility, lack of performance optimisation, and declining vendor support (detailed in) will persist and likely worsen over time. The operating system becomes a stagnant, patched version of Windows 10, increasingly incompatible with modern software and hardware. The ESU programme is therefore a temporary fix, not a sustainable long-term solution. It is best suited for users who truly need a short grace period (up to one year) to save up for new hardware, plan a more extensive migration, or manage a critical business transition. It should not be viewed as a viable strategy to indefinitely continue using Windows 10, as it merely defers the inevitable need to move to a fully supported and evolving operating system.

Embracing the Open Road: Linux Distributions

For many users with Windows 11 incompatible hardware, or for those looking for greater control, privacy, and performance, Linux offers a robust and diverse ecosystem of operating systems.

Why Linux? Advantages for Performance, Security, and Customisation.

• Free and Open Source: The vast majority of Linux distributions are completely free, and nearly all their components are open source. This fosters transparency, community development, and eliminates licensing fees.
• Performance on Older Hardware: A significant advantage of many Linux distributions is their ability to run efficiently on older computers with limited RAM or slower processors. They are often streamlined to consume fewer resources than Windows, effectively “resurrecting” seemingly obsolete machines and making them feel snappy.
• Security: Linux generally boasts a strong security posture due to its open-source nature (allowing for widespread inspection and rapid patching), robust permission systems, and a smaller target for malware compared to Windows.
• Customisation: Linux offers unparalleled customisation options for the user interface, desktop environment, and overall workflow, allowing users to precisely tailor their computing experience to their preferences.
• Stability and Reliability: Many distributions are known for being “dependable” and requiring “very little maintenance,” benefiting from the robustness of their underlying Linux architecture.
• Community Support: The Linux community is vast, active, and generally welcoming, offering extensive online resources, forums, and willing assistance for new users.
• Dual Boot Option: Users can easily install Linux alongside their Windows or macOS system, creating a dual-boot setup that allows them to choose the operating system to use at each startup. This is ideal for testing or for users who need access to both environments.

Choosing Your Linux Companion: Tailored Recommendations for Every User.

• For Windows Converts and Daily Use:

• Linux Mint (XFCE Edition): This distribution has long been a favourite among Windows converts due to its traditional desktop layout. It is designed to be straightforward and intuitive, making users feel “at home” quickly. Linux Mint includes all the essentials out-of-the-box, such as a web browser, media player, and office suite, making it ready to use without extensive setup. It is described as very user-friendly, highly customisable, and “incredibly fast.”
• Zorin OS Lite: Zorin OS Lite stands out for its balance of performance and aesthetics. It has a polished interface that closely resembles Windows, making the transition easy for former Windows users. Even on older systems (even up to 15 years old), Zorin OS Lite provides a surprisingly modern experience without taxing system resources. It comes with essential apps and offers “Windows app support,” allowing users to run many Windows applications.
• For Gamers and Power Users:

• Pop!_OS: Promoted for STEM professionals and creators, Pop!_OS also provides an “amazing gaming experience.” Key features include “Hybrid Graphics” (allowing users to switch between battery-saving and high-power GPU modes or run individual apps on GPU power) and strong, out-of-the-box support for popular gaming platforms like Steam, Lutris, and GameHub. It offers a simple and colourful layout.
• Fedora (Workstation/Games Lab): Fedora Workstation (with GNOME) is the flagship edition, and Fedora also offers “Labs,” such as the “Games” Lab, which is a collection and showcase of games available in Fedora. Fedora tends to keep its kernel and graphics drivers very up to date, which is a significant advantage for gaming performance and compatibility. AMD graphics cards are typically “plug-and-play” on modern Linux distributions like Fedora. While Nvidia cards require “a bit of work,” most major distributions, including Fedora, provide straightforward ways to install Nvidia drivers directly from their software centres.

• General Linux Gaming: Gaming on Linux has “infinitely improved” since 2017. Most Linux distributions now perform great for gaming as long as you install Steam and other launchers like Heroic, which leverage compatibility layers like Proton/Proton-GE. Users report being able to play “everything from old Win95 or DOS games all the way up to the latest releases.”
• For Reviving Older Hardware (Low-spec PCs):

• Puppy Linux: Designed to be extremely small, fast, and portable, Puppy Linux often runs entirely from RAM, allowing it to boot quickly and operate smoothly even on machines that seem hopelessly outdated. Despite its small size, it includes a complete set of applications for browsing, word processing, and media playback.
• AntiX Linux: A no-frills distribution specifically designed for low-spec hardware. It is based on Debian but strips away the heavier desktop environments in favour of extremely lightweight window managers (such as IceWM and Fluxbox), keeping resource usage incredibly low (often under 200 MB of idle RAM). Despite its minimalism, AntiX remains surprisingly powerful and stable for daily tasks.
• Other Lightweight Options: Linux Lite, Bodhi Linux, LXLE Linux, Tiny Core Linux, and Peppermint OS are also mentioned as excellent choices for older or low-spec hardware.

Software Ecosystem: Office Suites, Creative Tools, and Running Windows Apps.

• Office Suites:

• LibreOffice: This is the most popular free and open-source office suite available for Linux. It is designed to be compatible with Microsoft Office/365 files, handling popular formats such as .doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, and .pptx.
• Compatibility Nuances: While it is generally compatible with simple documents, users should be aware that the “translation” between LibreOffice’s Open Document Format and Microsoft’s Office Open XML format is not always perfect. This can lead to imperfections, especially with complex formatting, macros, or when documents are exchanged and modified multiple times. Installing Microsoft Core Fonts on Linux can significantly improve compatibility. For critical documents, users can first test LibreOffice on Windows or use the web version of Microsoft 365 to double-check compatibility before sharing.
• Creative Tools:

• GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program): A powerful, free, and open-source raster graphics editor (often considered an alternative to Adobe Photoshop). GIMP provides advanced tools for high-quality photo manipulation, retouching, image restoration, creative compositions, and graphic design elements like icons. It is cross-platform, available for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
• Inkscape: A powerful, free, and open-source vector graphics editor (similar to Adobe Illustrator). Inkscape specialises in creating scalable graphics, making it ideal for tasks like logo creation, intricate illustrations, and vector-based designs where precision and quality-lossless scalability are paramount. It is also cross-platform.
• Running Windows Applications (Gaming and General Software):

• Wine (Wine Is Not an Emulator): A foundational compatibility layer that allows Windows software (including many older games and general applications) to run directly on Linux-based operating systems.
• Proton: Developed by Valve in collaboration with CodeWeavers, Proton is a specialised compatibility layer built on a patched version of Wine. It is specifically designed to improve the performance and compatibility of Windows video games on Linux, integrating key libraries like DXVK (for translating Direct3D 9, 10, 11 to Vulkan) and VKD3D-Proton (for translating Direct3D 12 to Vulkan). Proton is officially distributed via the Steam client as “Steam Play.”
• ProtonDB: An unofficial community website that crowdsources and displays data on the compatibility of various game titles with Proton, providing a rating scale from “Borked” (doesn’t work) to “Platinum” (works perfectly).
• Proton’s Advantages over Pure Wine: Proton is a “tested distribution of Wine and its libraries,” offering a “nice overlay” that helps configure everything to “just work” for many games. It automatically handles dependencies and leverages performance-enhancing translation layers.

Historically, Linux has largely been dismissed as a viable platform for gaming. However, the sections collectively paint a picture of a dramatically improved and increasingly competitive Linux gaming environment. It explicitly states, “Nearly all Linux distros have become infinitely better at gaming since 2017.” This improvement is directly tied to Valve’s significant investment in Proton, which has been a game-changer for Windows game runnability. The emergence of gaming-focused distributions like Pop!_OS and Fedora’s “Games” Lab, along with an active community around ProtonDB, signals a deliberate and successful effort to make Linux a strong contender for gamers. It’s no longer just about “getting games to run” but about achieving an “amazing gaming experience” and “easy, great performance.” For gamers with Windows 11 incompatible hardware, Linux is no longer a last resort but a genuinely competitive and often superior alternative for many titles, especially for those willing to engage with the community and learn a few new tools. This shift is a significant development, challenging the long-held belief of Windows being the only gaming OS.

Key Linux Caveats:

• Learning Curve: While distributions like Linux Mint and Zorin OS Lite are designed to be friendly for Windows converts, there can still be an initial learning curve for users completely new to the Linux environment. This often involves understanding package managers, file systems, and different approaches to software installation.
• Hardware Driver Support: Modern Linux distributions have vastly improved hardware detection and driver support (e.g., AMD graphics cards are often plug-and-play, and Nvidia drivers are easily available via software tools). However, very new or niche hardware components may still require manual driver installation or troubleshooting, which can be a barrier for less technical users.
• Gaming Anti-Cheat Limitations: A significant drawback for multiplayer gaming is that any game that implements kernel-level anti-cheat software will typically not work on Linux. This is because the creators of such anti-cheat systems are often unwilling to support Linux with user-level anti-cheat, citing concerns about preventing cheating. Games like Apex Legends have removed Linux support for this reason. This is a critical limitation for users whose primary gameplay involves such titles.

The entire success and rapid evolution of Linux as a viable desktop OS, particularly in areas like gaming (Proton, DXVK, VKD3D-Proton), is largely attributed to its open, community-driven development model, often amplified by corporate support (e.g., Valve’s investment in Proton). Unlike Windows’s centralised, proprietary development, Linux benefits from a distributed network of developers, which allows for rapid iteration, specialised forks (like Proton GE), and direct feedback from the community (like ProtonDB). This model fosters tremendous flexibility and often bleeding-edge performance, as developers can quickly address issues and implement new technologies. However, this model also means that support for highly proprietary or deeply integrated features (such as kernel-level anti-cheat) is dependent on the willingness of external, often profit-driven, developers to adapt their software, leading to the “limitation” mentioned in. Users embracing Linux are entering a dynamic, evolving ecosystem that offers unparalleled flexibility, privacy, and often superior performance on older hardware. However, it comes with an implicit understanding that while much is delivered out-of-the-box, specific challenges (such as certain proprietary software or anti-cheat) may require a degree of self-reliance, engagement with community resources, or acceptance of limitations. This highlights a fundamental philosophical difference in operating system development and support compared to the traditional proprietary model.

Table: Recommended Linux Distributions for Different User Profiles

Cloud-Powered Rebirth: ChromeOS Flex

ChromeOS Flex is Google’s solution for transforming older Windows, Mac, or Linux devices into secure, cloud-based machines, offering many of the features available on native ChromeOS devices. It is particularly appealing for organisations and individuals looking to extend the life of existing hardware while benefiting from a modern, secure, and easy-to-manage operating system.

Transforming an Old PC into a Secure, Cloud-Based Device.

ChromeOS Flex allows you to install a lightweight, cloud-focused operating system on a variety of existing devices, including older Windows and Mac PCs. This can effectively “resurrect” older machines, making them run significantly faster and more responsively than they would with an outdated or resource-heavy operating system. It provides a familiar, simple, and web-centric computing experience that leverages Google’s cloud services.

System Requirements and Installation Process.

Minimum Requirements for ChromeOS Flex: While ChromeOS Flex can run on uncertified devices, Google does not guarantee performance, functionality, or stability on such systems. For an optimal experience, ensure your device meets the following minimum requirements:

• Architecture: Intel or AMD x86-64-bit compatible device (it will not run on 32-bit CPUs).
• RAM: 4 GB.
• Internal Storage: 16 GB.
• Bootable from USB: The system must be capable of booting from a USB drive.
• BIOS: Full administrator access to the BIOS is required, as changes may need to be made to boot from the USB installer.
• Processor and Graphics: Components manufactured before 2010 may result in a poor experience. Specifically, Intel GMA 500, 600, 3600, and 3650 graphics chipsets do not meet ChromeOS Flex performance standards.

Installation Process: The ChromeOS Flex installation process typically involves two main steps:

• Creating a USB Installer: You will need a USB drive of 8 GB or more (all contents will be erased). The recommended method is to use the “Chromebook Recovery Utility” Chrome browser extension on a ChromeOS, Windows, or Mac device. Alternatively, you can download the installer image directly from Google and use a tool such as the dd command-line utility on Linux.
• Booting and Installation: Boot the target device using the USB installer you created. You can choose to either install ChromeOS Flex permanently to the device’s internal storage or temporarily run it directly from the USB installer to test compatibility and performance.

Benefits: Robust Security, Simplicity, and Performance on Lower-Spec Hardware.

• Robust Security: ChromeOS Flex inherits many of ChromeOS’s strong security features, making it a highly secure option for older hardware:

• Read-Only OS: The operating system is read-only, meaning it cannot run traditional executable files (.exe, etc.), which are common hiding places for viruses and ransomware. This reduces the attack surface significantly.
• Sandboxing: The system’s architecture is segmented, with each webpage and app running in a confined, isolated environment. This ensures that malicious apps and files are always isolated and cannot access other parts of the device or data.
• Automatic Updates: ChromeOS Flex receives full updates every 4 weeks and minor security fixes every 2-3 weeks. These updates operate automatically and in the background, ensuring constant protection against the latest threats without impacting user productivity.
• Data Encryption: User data is automatically encrypted at rest and in transit, protecting it from unauthorised access even if the device is lost or stolen.
• UEFI Secure Boot Support: While ChromeOS Flex devices do not contain a Google security chip, their bootloader has been checked and approved by Microsoft to optionally support UEFI Secure Boot. This can maintain the same boot security as Windows devices, preventing unknown third-party operating systems from being run.
• Simplicity and Performance: ChromeOS Flex provides a streamlined, minimalist, and intuitive user experience. Its “cloud-first” design means it relies less on local processing power, allowing it to perform exceptionally well and fast even on older, low-spec hardware. This makes it an excellent choice for users focused primarily on web browsing, cloud-based productivity, and lightweight computing tasks.

Limitations: Offline Capabilities, App Ecosystem, and Hardware-Level Security Nuances.

While ChromeOS Flex offers many advantages, it’s important to be aware of its limitations, especially compared to a full ChromeOS or traditional desktop operating systems:

• Offline Capabilities: As a cloud-focused OS, extensive offline work can be limited without specific web applications that support offline functionality.
• App Ecosystem:

• Google Play and Android Apps: Unlike full ChromeOS devices, ChromeOS Flex has limited support for Google Play and Android apps. Only some Android VPN apps can be deployed. This means the vast ecosystem of Android apps is largely unavailable.
• Windows Virtual Machines (Parallels Desktop): ChromeOS Flex does not support running Windows virtual machines using Parallels Desktop.
• Linux Development Environment: Support for the Linux development environment in ChromeOS Flex varies depending on the specific device model.
• Hardware-Level Security Nuances:

• No Google Security Chip/Verified Boot: ChromeOS Flex devices do not contain a Google security chip, which means the full ChromeOS “verified boot” procedure (a hardware-based security check) is not available. While UEFI Secure Boot is an alternative, it “cannot provide the security guarantees of ChromeOS Verified Boot.”
• Firmware Updates: Unlike native ChromeOS devices, ChromeOS Flex devices do not automatically manage and update their BIOS or UEFI firmware. These updates must be supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of the device and manually managed by device administrators.
• TPM and Encryption: While ChromeOS Flex automatically encrypts user data, not all ChromeOS Flex devices have a supported Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to protect the encryption keys at a hardware level. Without a supported TPM, the data is still encrypted but may be more susceptible to attack. Users should check the certified models list to see for TPM support.

ChromeOS Flex is presented as a highly secure alternative to an unsupported Windows 10, boasting features like a read-only OS, sandboxing, and automatic updates. However, it also details several security features that are either missing or limited compared to a native ChromeOS device: the lack of a Google security chip, the absence of a full ChromeOS Verified Boot (relying instead on the less robust UEFI Secure Boot), and the inconsistent presence of a supported TPM. This implies that while Flex offers significant security improvements over an unpatched Windows 10, it doesn’t achieve the top-tier, hardware-level security found in purpose-built Chromebooks. Users should be aware of this trade-off, understanding that while their older hardware gets a new lease of life and better protection, it won’t have the identical level of security as a newer, dedicated ChromeOS device.

General Best Practices for Operating System Migration

Regardless of the path you choose, the process of migrating an operating system requires careful planning and adherence to best practices to minimise risk and ensure a smooth transition.

Data Backup

Before any operating system change, including an upgrade or clean installation, it is crucial to perform a full system image backup. Data is vulnerable to unforeseen complications during the upgrade process, making a preventative backup a sound choice. This safeguards critical files, applications, and personalised settings, ensuring a smooth transition and the ability to restore your digital environment in the event of unexpected issues.

You should use disk imaging technology, not just file copying. Operating systems like Windows are complex, and some data (e.g., passwords, preferences, app settings) exists outside of regular files. A full disk image copies every bit of data, including files, folders, programmes, patches, preferences, settings, and the entire operating system, enabling a complete system and app restoration to a new operating system. You should also remember to account for hidden partitions that may contain important system restore data.

Software Compatibility Check

Prior to migration, you should thoroughly check that all the applications and software you use are compatible with the new operating system. Incompatibility can lead to data loss, corruption, or inaccuracies, affecting the new system’s reliability and integrity. It is recommended to perform compatibility tests in a sandbox environment or a virtual machine to identify potential issues before the actual migration. The testing should cover various hardware configurations, software, and networks to ensure smooth operation.

Driver Considerations

A clean installation of an operating system will remove all drivers from the computer. While modern operating systems have enough generic drivers to get a basic system up and running, they will lack the specialised hardware drivers needed to run newer network cards, 3D graphics, and other components. It is recommended to have the drivers for key components like your network cards (Wi-Fi and/or wired) ready so that after the OS installation you can connect to the Internet to download the rest of the drivers. Drivers should be downloaded from the official websites of the hardware manufacturers to avoid performance issues or malware infections.

Phased Approach and Testing

An effective migration strategy should include a phased approach, breaking the process down into manageable stages. Each phase should have clearly defined goals and a rollback strategy in case issues arise. Before the migration, thorough testing should be conducted to identify potential problems and adjust configurations. After the migration, intensive monitoring and “hyper-care” support are essential to resolve any issues quickly and ensure the system stabilises in the new environment.

User Training (for Organisations)

For organisations, deployment preparation should include providing contextual training for end-users to quickly familiarise employees with the new systems and tasks. Creating IT sandbox environments for new applications can provide hands-on training for end-users, enabling employees to learn by doing without the risks of using live software.

Conclusion

The end of support for Windows 10 on the 14th of October 2025 represents an unavoidable turning point for all users. Continuing to use an unsupported operating system brings serious and escalating risks to security, performance, and compliance, which will only worsen over time. Delaying the migration decision is not a saving, but a deferral of costs that could be significantly higher in the event of unplanned outages or security breaches.

For the majority of users whose hardware meets the minimum requirements, the most logical and future-proof solution is to upgrade to Windows 11. This system not only offers continuity within the familiar Microsoft environment but also provides significant improvements in user interface, productivity (e.g., Snap Layouts, Teams integration), gaming features (DirectStorage, Auto HDR), and most importantly, security (TPM 2.0, Smart App Control). Many PCs that initially seem incompatible can be made ready for Windows 11 through simple setting changes in the BIOS/UEFI, avoiding unnecessary spending on new hardware. Windows 11 is an investment in long-term stability, performance, and access to the latest technologies.

For those whose hardware doesn’t meet the Windows 11 requirements, or for users seeking alternative experiences, other equally valuable paths are available. The Extended Security Updates (ESU) programme for Windows 10 offers short-term security protection until October 2026, but this is only a temporary fix that does not address software compatibility issues and the lack of new features.

Linux distributions provide a robust and flexible alternative, capable of breathing new life into older hardware. They offer high performance, unmatched customisation, strong security, and a rich ecosystem of free software (e.g., LibreOffice, GIMP, Inkscape). Thanks to the development of Proton, Linux has also become a surprisingly competitive gaming platform, although certain limitations (e.g., kernel-level anti-cheat) still exist. Distributions such as Linux Mint and Zorin OS Lite are ideal for those transitioning from Windows, while Pop!_OS and Fedora will cater to the needs of gamers and advanced users.

ChromeOS Flex is another option that allows you to transform older computers into lightweight, secure, and cloud-based devices. This is an excellent solution for users who value simplicity, speed, and solid security, although it comes with certain limitations regarding offline capabilities and Android app access.

Regardless of the choice, a proactive approach is key. Any migration should be preceded by a complete data backup, a thorough software compatibility check, and preparation of the necessary drivers. Adopting a phased approach with testing before and after the migration will minimise the risk of disruptions.

The end of support for Windows 10 is not just the end of an era, but also an opportunity to modernise, optimise, and adapt your computing environment to individual needs and the challenges of the future. Making an informed choice of operating system in 2025 is crucial for your computer’s security, performance, and usability for years to come.